Stacking penalty mod for Nth module
0.5 ^ [ ((N-1) / 2.22292)^2 ] (number is rounded)
1st: 100%
2nd: 86.9%
3rd: 57.1%
4th: 28.3%
5th: 10.6%
note: modules with highest bonuses are calculated 1st

Crystals:
T1 combat = infinite use (for ships)
T2 combat = average 1000 shots
Faction combat = precisely 4000 shots
T1 mining = average 400 cycles
T2 mining = average 200 cycles

Align time (seconds) =
[mass(kg) / 1mil] x inertia x 1.386

Lock time (seconds) =
[40000/ScanRes] / [asinh(SigRadius) ^2]

Skill training rate =
Primary attrib. + [0.5x Secondary attrib.] SP per minute

Hardener total (use decimals) =
NewResistance = OldResistance+[(1-OldResistance)*(HardernerBonus*StackingPenalty)]

ChanceToHit=0.5^((((VelocityAngularTarget*40000)/(WeaponAccuracyScore*SignatureRadiusTarget))^2)+(((Max(0,(DistanceTarget-TurretOptimalRange))/(TurretFalloffRange))^2))

CONCORD apply approximately infinite damage, ECM, webs, neuts, tracking disruption and warp disruption.