Primary damage / Secondary damage
Damage to resist vs npc:

Guristas - Kinetic/Thermal
Serpentis - Thermal/Kinetic
Blood Raider - Thermal/EM
Sansha's Nation - EM/Thermal
Angel Cartel - Kinetic/Explosive/Thermal
Minmatar Fleet - Thermal/Explosive
Amarr Navy - EM/Thermal
Mercenaries - All damage types

Damage types to shoot NPCs with:
Guristas - Kinetic
Serpentis - Thermal
Mordus - Thermal/Kinetic
Gallente Navy - Explosive
Blood - EM/Thermal
Sansha - Thermal
Angel - Explosive
Mercenary - Thermal
Amarr - Therm/EM

For Exporlation (Scanning)...
Signatures:
Unknown = Complex or Wormhole
Ladar = Gas Clouds
Radar = Hacking Site
Magnetometric = Archaeology Site
Gravimetric = Hidden Belt

2,147,000,000 km = ~14.35 AU
1,147,000,000 km = ~7 AU
147,000,000 km = ~1 AU